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elephant rarely get malignant neoplastic disease , and their jumbo , live testicles might allow for a hint as to why .
The estimate add up down to a protein call p53 , which helps prevent deoxyribonucleic acid wrong in cell — including legal injury that could plow a normal cell into a cancerous cell .
A young African elephant sitting in a river in Kenya.
elephant , unlike human , have multiple copy of the factor that encodes p53 — substance , the gene that supply the “ recipe ” for the body to make the protein . Fritz Vollrath , an evolutionary life scientist at the University of Oxford , said this could help to protect their spermatozoan from red-hot temperatures .
This surmisal start with " Peto ’s paradox , " Vollrath order Live Science .
In the 1970s , an epidemiologist named Richard Peto report a puzzling phenomenon : Large animals , despite having many more cells that could potentially turn into cancerous cell , do n’t seem to have a gamy risk of infection of uprise malignant neoplastic disease than small brute . This is specially astounding in elephants — they arestatistically less likelyto grow Cancer the Crab than humans , despite being many times our size .
Chart showing different animal sizes and cancer mortality rates.
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A few years ago , researchers establish thatelephants have 20 copies of the genethat encode the p53 protein . mankind , in comparison , have just one . The protein essentially go like a copy editor , review genetic material as cells procreate and potentially killing off cell with any harm that could pass to cancer . As elephant have multiple transcript of the gene that encodes p53 , they could have multiple rounds of " copy - redaction , " which could immensely reduce the peril of a damaged cubicle surviving .
But why did elephants develop 20 written matter of this gene ? Vollrath remember it has to do with their testicles . Many virile fauna , include man , have their testicles partially outside their consistence to cool them down , which is believed to be of import for make a healthy batch of sperm . The reasons for this are unreadable , though it may havesomething to dowith increasedDNA damageat high-pitched temperatures .
Through a quirk of evolutionary account , however , elephant testicles are locate inside their body . As multi - short ton , dark gray animals walking around in the sun , their orchis have the potential to get really red-hot — and therefore the elephants may have bother reach viable sperm . But if they had more transcript - editing proteins , the possibility goes , that hot sperm cell could be protect from damage ..
Vollrath write this hypothesisas a notein the daybook Trends in Ecology and Evolution on June 27 .
It is hard to assess why exactly a finical trait might have evolved in a species , Vincent Lynch , an evolutionary life scientist at the University of Buffalo , who was not involved in developing this new possibility , told Live Science .
It ’s possible that multiple transcript of the p53 gene evolved to protect elephant sperm from hot temperatures . But it ’s also possible that those multiple copies evolve because elephants are big animals so are potentially more susceptible to cancer , Lynch said . It could also be both thing at once .
Other turgid animals do n’t have multiple copies of the p53 cistron . Whales , for example , are big animal with internal orchis , but they seem to have just one copy . But whales also have an intimate system to chill their testicles down , Vollrath noted – plus , it does n’t get as live in the pee .
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Similarly , animals closely related to elephants , such as hyraxes , also have internal testis . But these animals are much pocket-sized than elephants , and small animals are right smart more efficient at dissipate high temperature than bombastic fauna , Lynch enjoin .
No matter how it germinate , elephants seem to have a way of by nature circumventing cancer — and study how it work may facilitate us understand more about the disease , Vollrath said .
